Language Science
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Research & Methods
Clear explanations of how language learning works — and practical ways to use the research.
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Research note
Why a language you understand on paper can become much harder in real time — and what working-memory limits can tell us about speaking, listening and fluency.
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Research note
Why Conversations Are So Much Harder Than Speaking Alone
Why talking to yourself can feel easy while a real conversation makes the same language suddenly harder to access.
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Research note
Your Speaking Problem May Be Emotional, Not Linguistic
Sometimes the problem is not only what you know. Anxiety, self-monitoring and performance pressure can make familiar language harder to access in real time.
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Research note
Listening Is Harder Than You Think — Here’s Why
You can know every word in a sentence and still fail to hear it in real speech. Listening depends on more than vocabulary.
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Research note
Why Knowing a Grammar Rule Is Not the Same as Being Able to Use It While Speaking
Why grammar you can explain can still disappear in conversation — and how practice helps make it easier to access in real time.
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